Networking Topology

Topology: - Networking topology means designing of network according to physical and logical aspects. Physical means actual structure of any network and logical means the data transfers between the networks.

                        

1. BUS: - In a bus topology all the systems are connected to a single back bone cable.
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
2. STAR: - This topology is the best and mostly used in the current environment. In this topology all the system are directly connected with the centralized devices i.e. switch or hub.
   
   
   
   
   
3. RING:- Ring topology is created by IBM. In this topology all the system are connected in the ring format. A device which is use in ring topology (MAU) Multi station unit.
   
   
   
   
   
   
4. MESH: - Mesh topology is most uncommon topologies. In this topology all the systems are connected with the other system multiple path names.
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
5. HYBRID: - When we mix two topologies that topology is called hybrid.

6. TREE: - When we combined multiples stars in a network will be called tree topology.

Note:-

• CSMA/CD: - Carrier sense multiple access /collision domain, Short for Carrier Sense Multiple Access / Collision Detection, a set of rules determining how network devices respond when two devices attempt to use a data channel simultaneously (called a collision). Standard Ethernet networks use CSMA/CD to physically monitor the traffic on the line at participating stations. If no transmission is taking place at the time, the particular station can transmit. If two stations attempt to transmit simultaneously, this causes a collision, which is detected by all participating stations. After a random time interval, the stations that collided attempt to transmit again. If another collision occurs, the time intervals from which the random waiting time is selected are increased step by step. This is known as exponential back off.

• CSMA/CA:- Carrier sense multiple access /collision avoidance, Short for Carrier Sense Multiple Access/Collision Avoidance, a network contention protocol that listens to a network in order to avoid collisions, unlike CSMA/CD that deals with network transmissions once collisions have been detected. CSMA/CA contributes to network traffic because, before any real data is transmitted, it has to broadcast a signal onto the network in order to listen for collision scenarios and to tell other devices not to broadcast.